call for/negotiate/broker/declare a ceasefire/a temporary truce要求/商谈/协商/宣布停战/暂时休战
sign a ceasefire agreement签署停战协议
call for/bring/put an end to hostilities要求发动/引发/结束战争
demand/negotiate/accept the surrender of sb/sth强烈要求/商讨/接受…投降
establish/send (in) a peacekeeping force建立/派遣维和部队
negotiate/conclude/ratify/sign/accept/reject/break/violate a peace treaty商讨/达成/正式批准/签署/接受/拒绝/破坏/违反和平协定
aggression, arms, army, attack, casualty, conflict, defend, hostile, territory, war
➡ see alsocivil war, cold war, council of war, phoney war, post-war, prisoner of war, warring, world war🔑[C, U]asituationinwhichthereisaggressivecompetitionbetweengroups, companies, countries, etc.（群体、公司、国家之间的）竞争，斗争，对抗，冲突◆theclasswar阶级斗争◆atradewar贸易战➡ see alsoprice war🔑[U, sing.]~ (against/onsb/sth)afightoraneffortoveralongperiodoftimetogetridoforstopsthunpleasant（为消灭有害事物的）长期斗争；顽强抵御◆Thegovernmenthasdeclaredwarondrugdealers. 政府已向贩毒分子宣战。◆Weseemtobewinningthewaragainstcrime. 我们在打击犯罪方面似乎已做出成绩。campaignbattle ⬥ struggle ⬥ drive ⬥ war ⬥ fight
These are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent sth.以上各词均指为达到某目的或为阻止某事而作出的努力。
campaigna series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim指为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动或运动：◆the campaign for parliamentary reform要求议会改革的运动◆an advertising campaign广告宣传活动
battlea competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆She finally won the legal battle for compensation.她终于赢得了这场要求赔偿的法律斗争。◆the endless battle between man and nature人与大自然永无休止的斗争
strugglea competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆the struggle for independence为独立的斗争◆the struggle between good and evil正邪之争
battle or struggle?用 battle 还是 struggle？
A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just desirable, or about the pleasure of winning. * struggle 总是用于似乎绝对必要的斗争，如关乎生死、自由等。battle 还可用于并非绝对必要的斗争，如仅仅是想得到或者为了获得胜利的满足感：◆the battle/struggle between good and evil正邪之争◆a legal struggle for compensation◆a struggle of wills/wits
drivean organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth指团体为达到目的而作出的有组织的努力：◆the drive for greater efficiency为提高效率而作出的努力◆a drive to reduce energy consumption为减少能源消耗而发起的运动
campaign or drive?用 campaign 还是 drive？
A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do sth; a drive may be an attempt by people to get themselves to do sth. * campaign 通常指发动别人参加的运动；drive 可指让自己作出努力：◆From today, we're going on an economy drive(= we must spend less).从今天起，我们要展开厉行节约运动。A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a drive. * campaign 所指的运动可能比 drive 更大规模、更正式和更有组织。
war[sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop sth bad指为消灭或阻止有害事物而进行的长期斗争：◆the war against crime反犯罪活动的斗争
fight[sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent sth bad or achieve sth good; an act of competing, especially in a sport指为制止或防止坏事物或为达到好目的而进行的斗争，或指竞赛，尤指体育竞赛：◆Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies.工人赢得了阻止强制裁员的斗争。
war or fight?用 war 还是 fight？
A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight can be about achieving justice for yourself. * war 用于制止人人摒弃的事物（如毒品和犯罪）而进行的斗争；fight 可用于为自己伸张正义而进行的斗争。
Patterns
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against sth
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for sth
a one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/war
a bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight
to launch/embark on a campaign/battle/drive
to lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight
