These are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent sth. 以上各词均指为达到某目的或为阻止某事而作出的努力。

• campaign a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim 指为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动或运动：◆the campaign for parliamentary reform 要求议会改革的运动◆an advertising campaign 广告宣传活动
• battle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆She finally won the legal battle for compensation. 她终于赢得了这场要求赔偿的法律斗争。◆the endless battle between man and nature 人与大自然永无休止的斗争
• struggle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆the struggle for independence 为独立的斗争◆the struggle between good and evil 正邪之争

battle or struggle? 用 battle 还是 struggle？

A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just desirable, or about the pleasure of winning. * struggle 总是用于似乎绝对必要的斗争，如关乎生死、自由等。battle 还可用于并非绝对必要的斗争，如仅仅是想得到或者为了获得胜利的满足感：◆the battle/struggle between good and evil 正邪之争◆a legal struggle for compensation◆a struggle of wills/wits

• drive an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth 指团体为达到目的而作出的有组织的努力：◆the drive for greater efficiency 为提高效率而作出的努力◆a drive to reduce energy consumption 为减少能源消耗而发起的运动

campaign or drive? 用 campaign 还是 drive？

A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do sth; a drive may be an attempt by people to get themselves to do sth. * campaign 通常指发动别人参加的运动；drive 可指让自己作出努力：◆From today, we're going on an economy drive (= we must spend less). 从今天起，我们要展开厉行节约运动。A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a drive. * campaign 所指的运动可能比 drive 更大规模、更正式和更有组织。

• war [sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop sth bad 指为消灭或阻止有害事物而进行的长期斗争：◆the war against crime 反犯罪活动的斗争
• fight [sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent sth bad or achieve sth good; an act of competing, especially in a sport 指为制止或防止坏事物或为达到好目的而进行的斗争，或指竞赛，尤指体育竞赛：◆Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies. 工人赢得了阻止强制裁员的斗争。

war or fight? 用 war 还是 fight？

• A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight can be about achieving justice for yourself. * war 用于制止人人摒弃的事物（如毒品和犯罪）而进行的斗争；fight 可用于为自己伸张正义而进行的斗争。

Patterns

• a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against sth
• a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for sth
• a one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/war
• a bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight
• to launch/embark on a campaign/battle/drive
• to lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight
• to win/lose a battle/struggle/war/fight

These are all words for a situation in which people try to defeat each other using physical force. 以上各词均指搏斗、打斗、打架。

• fight a situation in which two or more people try to defeat each other using physical force 指搏斗、打斗、打架：◆He got into a fight with a man in the bar. 他在酒吧里和一个男人斗殴。
• clash (journalism 新闻) a short fight between two groups of people （新闻用语）指两群人之间短暂的打斗、打架、冲突：◆Clashes broke out between police and demonstrators. 警方与示威者发生了冲突。
• brawl a noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place 通常指一群人在公共场合喧闹、斗殴、闹事：◆a drunken brawl in a bar 在酒吧里酒后闹事
• struggle a fight between two people or groups of people, especially when one of them is trying to escape, or to get sth from the other 指搏斗、扭打，尤指抢夺、挣扎脱身：◆There were no signs of a struggle at the murder scene. 在谋杀现场没有打斗痕迹。
• scuffle a short and not very violent fight or struggle 指短暂而不太激烈的扭打、冲突：◆He was involved in a scuffle with a photographer. 他和一名摄影记者发生了肢体冲撞。

Patterns

• a fight/clash/brawl/struggle/scuffle over sth
• in a fight/brawl/struggle/scuffle
• a violent fight/clash/struggle
• to be in/get into/be involved in a fight/clash/brawl/scuffle
• a fight/clash/brawl/scuffle breaks out